laboratory chemicals

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Bromothymol blue is a large compound with a molecular weight of 625 g/mol. It contains three aromatic benzene rings. The first benzene ring has a thym group attached (the 'thym' part of the name), a sulfur with two oxygen atoms double bonded to it, and another oxygen single bonded to it. The second and third benzene rings each have a bromine (the 'bromo' part of the name), alcohol (the 'ol' suffix), a tert-butyl group, and a methyl group. This 0.1% aqueous bromothymol blue solution (also known as Bromthymol Blue) is a commonly used pH indicator. Bromthymol blue changes color over a pH range from 6.0 (yellow) to 7.6 (blue). It is a good indicator of dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) and other weakly acidic solutions. Despite its name, bromothymol blue solution may sometimes appear yellow or reddish depending on the pH of the stock water used to prepare this pH indicator solution. Low levels of carbon dioxide or acid in solution with bromothymol blue indicator will appear blue. As the level of carbon dioxide or acid increases, the solution will gradually take on a yellow tint. This makes bromothymol blue ideal for biology experiments to indicate photosynthetic activity (solution turns blue as plants use up carbon dioxide) or respiratory activity (solution turns yellow as carbon dioxide content increases).

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Cresol red (full name: o-cresolsulfonephthalein) is a dye C21H18O5S of the sulfonephthalein series derived from ortho-cresol that is obtained as a reddish brown crystalline powder and is used as an acid-base indicator. It is a triarylmethane dye frequently used for monitoring the pH in aquaria.

Cresol Red can be used in many common molecular biology reactions in place of other loading dyes. Cresol Red does not inhibit Taq polymerase to the same degree as other common loading dyes. Cresol Red can also be used as a color marker to monitor the process of agarose gel electrophoresis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Triarylmethane dye commonly used with lead acetate for the detection of urease after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Also used as a pH indicator and as a tracking dye in DNA, RNA (agarose) and protein (polyacrylamide) electrophoresis. In agarose, Cresol Red runs with an apparent molecular size of approximately 125 bp DNA. Cresol Red does not inhibit Taq polymerase

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2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol ( DCPIP ) is a blue chemical compound used as a redox dye. In Oxidized form DCPIP is blue;whereas in reduced form DCPIP is colorless.The rate of photosynthesis can be measured by the rate at which this dye changes color (is reduced) when exposed to light in a photosynthetic system. This reaction is reversible, as colorless DCPIP can be reoxidized to blue. Blue redox indicator dye used for the determination of Vitamin C (ascorbic acid), which when Vitamin C is present reduces to a colorless hydroxy compound. May be used as an electron acceptor and to stain glutathione reductase electrophoresis gels. Also known as Tillman's reagent.

2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP) is used as a substitute for NADP+. The dye changes color when it is reduced, due to its chemical structure. The rate of photosynthesis light-dependent reaction can be measured with this property of DCPIP, because one of the stages of the light reaction is an electron transport chain that normally ends with the reduction of NADP+. When DCPIP is present, it also gets reduced by the light reaction. The amount of DCPIP reduced can be found by measuring the solution's light transmittance with a spectrophotometer. 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol sodium salt is a redox dye commonly used as a monitor of the light reactions in photosynthesis because it is an electron acceptor that is blue when oxidized and colorless when reduced. It is part of the Hill reagents family. DCPIP can also be used as an indicator for Vitamin C. If vitamin C, which is a good reducing agent, is present, the blue dye, which turns pink in acid conditions, is reduced to a colorless compound by ascorbic acid. 2,6-Dichloroindophenol sodium salt hydrate is suitable for vitamin C determination. It acts as a redox dye to investigate the efficiency of gold nanoparticles (Au-NP) for the enzymatic activity of glucose oxidase. It is also used to compose UVB specific dosimeter and to measure the rate of photosynthesis. It serves as a good reducing agent.

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Cresolphthalein is a pH indicator used in titrations. It is insoluble in water but soluble in ethanol.

o-Cresolphthalein due to its sharp and contrasting color change has potential of being used in many consumer products related to sanitation and visual confirmation Hence, the derived applications are in sensors, display device, photoresists, recording materials, imaging materials, authentication system for secure documents, decoder system, lithium cells, electroplating process, inks, markers, toners, correction fluid, paints, adhesives, floor coatings, gas leaking detector for safety in industries, toys, food storage, diapers, determination of calcium, lotions, urine analysis test strips, drugs and blood analysis.

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Once used as a food colouring but now banned throughout the EC Cudbear is a dye extracted from orchil lichens that produces colours in the purple range. It can be used to dye wool and silk, without the use of mordant. Cudbear was the first dye to be invented in modern times, and one of the few dyes to be credited to a named individual. Orcinol is extracted from archil lichen, Rocella tinctoria. It is then converted to orcein by ammonia and air. Orcein is a reddish-brown dye, orchil is a purple-blue dye. aminoorceinimines.

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Giemsa Stain is a laboratory reagent and stain for microscopy. A compound of eosin with methylene blue and its oxidation products. When blood films are stained using Giemsa stain, the nucleus and cytoplasm of white blood cells take on a characteristic blue or pink coloration. Giemsa stain functions by rearranging chromatin and inducing G bands producing a high quality stain for chromatin and the nuclear membrane. Giemsa stain is used to differentiate nuclear and/or cytoplasmic morphology of platelets, RBCs, WBCs, and parasites (1,2). The most dependable stain for blood parasites, particularly in thick films, is Giemsa stain containing azure B. Liquid stock is available commercially. The stain must be diluted for use with water buffered to pH 6.8 or 7.0 to 7.2, depending on the specific technique used.

Giemsa and May Grünwald solutions are intended for use in staining blood films or bone marrow films. Solutions are for “In Vitro Diagnostic Use.” Giemsa stain is a buffered thiazine-eosinate solution designed to provide coloration of blood cells similar to the original product described by Giemsa. It may be used separately or in combination with a May Grünwald Stain, also available from Sigma-Aldrich. Giemsa stain is a biological stain for thin blood films to differentiate leucocytes, for thick blood films to show malarial parasites, and for bone marrow to show cell morphology. It is also used as a chromosome stain and to differentiate nuclear morphology of platelets, RBCs, and other cell types. Giemsa Stain was designed primarily for the demonstration of parasites in malaria, but it was also employed in histology because of the high-quality staining of the chromatin and the nuclear membrane, the metachromasia of some cellular components, and the different qualities of cytoplasmic staining depending on the cell type. The use of methylene azure and its mixture with methylene blue to form an eosinate made stable the stain and its results. Giemsa's stain is regarded as the world's standard diagnostic technique for malaria's plasmodium, and it is also the basic stain for classifying lymphomas in the Kiel classification.

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Leishman's stain is applied in conventional staining techniques to uniformly stain chromosomes. These techniques leave centromers constricted, thus enabling the measurement of chromosome length, centromeric position, and arm ratio. Slides can be easily destained and banded by most banding procedures.

Leishman's Stain is used generally in hematology and tropical medicine to differentiate and identify leucocytes, malarial parasites and trypanosomes. . Leishman's stain, also Leishman stain, is used in microscopy for staining blood smears. It provides excellent stain quality. Leishman’s staining method for thin and thick smears is a good alternative to Giemsa’s stain for identifying Plasmodium parasites. The Leishman method is superior for visualization of red and white blood cell morphology.A number of Romanowsky stains like Field’s, Giemsa’s, Wright’s and Leishman’s are suitable for staining the smears. Thick films are ideally stained by the rapid Field’s technique or Giemsa’s stain for screening of parasites. The sensitivity of a thick blood film is 5-10 parasites/µl. Thin blood films stained by Giemsa’s or Leishman’s stain are useful for specification of parasites and for the stippling of infected red cells and have a sensitivity of 200 parasites/µl. The optimal pH of the stain is 7.2.

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Chemicals and substances that impart color including soluble dyes and insoluble pigments. They are used in INKS; PAINTS; and as INDICATORS AND REAGENTS.

METHYL RED IS BOUND TO BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN. Urine pH is usually measured with a reagent test strip. Most commonly, the double indicators methyl red is used in the reagent strips to give a broad range of colors at different pH values. In conjunction with other specific urine and plasma measurements, urine pH is often invaluable in diagnosing systemic acid-base disorders. By itself, however, urine pH provides little useful diagnostic information. The normal range for urine pH is 4.5 to 7.8. Methyl red test is a quantitative test for acid production, requiring positive organisms to produce strong acid (lactic, formic) from glucose through the mixed acid fermentation pathway. Since many species of Enterobacteriaceae may produce sufficient quantities of strong acid that can be detected by methyl red indicator during the initial phases of incubation. Only organisms that can maintain this low pH after prolonged incubation (48-72 hours) and overcoming the pH buffering system of the medium can be called as methyl red positive. The development of stable red colour in surface of the medium indicates sufficient acid production to lower pH to 4.4 and constitutes positive test. While other organisms may produce lesser quantities of acid from test substrate, an intermediate orange colour between yellow and red may developed, this indicate negative test.

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Trypan blue is a diazo dye used in ophthalmic cataract surgery to stain the anterior capsule in the presence of a mature cataract, to aid in visualization, before creating the continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis. Trypan Blue is an acid azo dye commonly used as a stain to distinguish viable from non-viable cells. It turns dead cells blue and viable cells unstained. It is a known animal carcinogen and an experimental teratogen. A dye obtained from tolidine that is absorbed by the macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system and is therefore used for staining cells in biological research. Trypan blue is an antiprotozoal drug first used to treat Babesia infection in 1909 and still commonly used to treat Babesia canis. The complex chemical structure has been progressively simplified, yielding such other widely used drugs as imidocarb.

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Bromocresol Purple is a water soluble dye used as an protein probe. It has been used in the spectrophotometric determination of serum-albumin. It is also a pH indicator with a transition interval from 5.2 - 6.8 (yellow to purple).

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